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A 0.5 mm pitch BGA came back with 14% open joints because open vias sat directly in the pads. Here is when via-in-pad works, how VIPPO is built, and when...

A batch of 500 boards failed at $42 each because the gold was 2 microinches too thin. Here's how ENIG plating works, what causes black pad, and how to...

Rigid PCBs still win most products because FR-4 is cheaper, easier to assemble, and easier to source than flex or rigid-flex. Here is how to choose.

A server board maker lost $190K when 3.2mm warpage caused 12% BGA defect rates—double the IPC limit. Here's why PCBs warp, how CTE mismatch and copper...

A medical device maker lost $240K when SAC305 joints cracked under thermal cycling—because the solder's solidus was 30°C below the operating peak. Here's...

A field failure in an agricultural sensor array caused a $120k recall—root cause: screw terminals loosened due to vibration. This guide compares crimping,...