Voltage Divider Calculator
Calculate voltage, resistor values, or division ratio for resistor divider networks.
Voltage Divider Formula
Common Applications
Level Shifting
Convert 5V logic signals to 3.3V for microcontrollers. Example: R1=10kΩ, R2=20kΩ gives 3.33V output.
ADC Reference
Scale higher voltages to ADC input range. Measure 0-24V with a 3.3V ADC using proper divider ratio.
Battery Monitoring
Divide battery voltage to measurable range. Use high-value resistors to minimize current drain.
Biasing
Set DC operating points for transistor amplifiers. Create stable bias voltages from supply rails.
Potentiometer
Variable voltage divider for volume control, dimming, or adjustable reference voltages.
Feedback Networks
Set gain in op-amp circuits. Determine output voltage ratio in switching regulators.
Design Considerations
Loading Effects
The load impedance affects output voltage. For accurate division, load impedance should be at least 10× greater than R2. Use a buffer amplifier if needed.
Power Dissipation
Choose resistor values high enough to limit current and power dissipation. For battery-powered devices, use 100kΩ+ to minimize drain.
Accuracy
Use 1% tolerance resistors for precision applications. Temperature coefficient affects accuracy in varying conditions.
Frequency Response
Parasitic capacitance limits high-frequency performance. For AC signals, use lower resistor values or add compensation.